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</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Inuit Sign Language (IUR)<br>ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ<br>Inuit Uukturausingit</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;"><span title="Inuktitut-language text"><span lang="iu">ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᐊᕋᐅᓯᖅ</span></span> Inuit Uuktuarausiq<sup id="cite_ref-AllDeaf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllDeaf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>(also: <span title="Inuktitut-language text"><span lang="iu">ᐊᑦᒐᖕᒨᕐᖕᓂᖅ</span></span> Atgangmuurngniq)<br>

<a href="Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a>: <span title="Inuktitut-language text"><span lang="iu">ᐆᒃᑐᕋᖅ</span></span> Uukturaq<br><a href="Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>: <span title="Inuinnaqtun-language text"><span lang="ikt">Tikuraq ᑎᑯᕋᖅ</span></span><br><a href="Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a>: <span title="Inupiaq-language text"><i lang="ik">Ujjiqsuuraq</i></span><br><a href="I%C3%B1upiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iñupiat language">Iñupiatun</a>: <span title="Inuktitut-language text"><i lang="iu">Urraaraq</i></span><br><a href="Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Kalaallisut</a>: <span title="Greenlandic-language text"><i lang="kl">Ussersuut</i></span><br><a href="Central_Alaskan_Yup%CA%BCik" title="Central Alaskan Yupʼik">Yugtun</a>: <span title="Central Yupik-language text"><i lang="esu">Unaatekun Qalarcaraq</i></span><br><a href="Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Unangam Tunuu</a>: <span title="Aleut-language text"><i lang="ale">Chuguusal / Chaasal</i></span><br><a href="Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Inuit Tegnsprog</i></span><br><a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Langue des signes inuite</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, possibly <a href="Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(At least 47 Deaf in Nunavut cited 2000 (2000 data, 2014 pub.))<sup id="cite_ref-e18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>Unknown additional hearing speakers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">none</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">none</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br>language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;">Interpreted alongside <a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> in the <a href="Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Legislative Assembly of Nunavut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NLA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/iks" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:iks">iks</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/inui1247">inui1247</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2063">Inuit Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Map of Inuit (IUR) and <a href="Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic</a> Sign Languages</div></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Inuit Sign Language</b> (<b>IUR</b>; <a href="Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a>: <span lang="iu">ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Inuktitut" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Inuktitut">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Inuktitut-language romanization"><i lang="iu-Latn">Inuit Uukturausingit</i></span>) is one of the <a href="Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a> and the indigenous <a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> of the <a href="Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> people. It is a <a href="Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> native to <a href="Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> communities in the <a href="Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Canadian Arctic</a>. It is currently only attested within certain communities in <a href="Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, particularly <a href="Baker_Lake%2C_Nunavut" title="Baker Lake, Nunavut">Baker Lake</a> and <a href="Rankin_Inlet" title="Rankin Inlet">Rankin Inlet</a>. Although there is a possibility that it may be used in other places where Inuit live in the <a href="Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, this has not been confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Of the estimated 155 deaf residents of Nunavut in 2000, around 47 were thought to use IUR, while the rest use <a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) due to schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown how many hearing people use the language nor how many people are monolingual. As it is a highly endangered and relatively hidden language, it has no protection under the federal or territorial governments of Canada. However, IUR exists alongside ASL interpretation within the <a href="Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Legislative Assembly of Nunavut</a> as of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-NLA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, there has been increased interest in the documentation of the language which would be done through the Nunavut Council for People with Disabilities and the <a href="Inuit_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Inuit Broadcasting Corporation">Inuit Broadcasting Corporation</a> (IBC).<sup id="cite_ref-InuDoc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InuDoc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, there is a push to expand the interpretation/translation programme through <a href="Arctic_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic College">Arctic College</a> to include IUR.<sup id="cite_ref-Right_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Right-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>Within Academia and the wider majority community, little is known about Inuit Sign Language, <a href="Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic Sign Language</a>, nor about other manual languages of the Inuit. One way to broadly refer to Inuit sign languages is by using:

</p>

<ul><li><span title="Inuktitut-language text"><span lang="iu">ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ</span></span> <span title="Inuktitut-language text"><i lang="iu-Latn">Inuit Uukturausingit</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Inuktitut-language text"><span lang="iu">ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᐊᕋᐅᓯᖅ</span></span> <span title="Inuktitut-language text"><i lang="iu-Latn">Inuit Uuktuarausiq</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Inuktitut-language text"><span lang="iu">ᐊᑦᒐᖕᒨᕐᖕᓂᖅ</span></span> <span title="Inuktitut-language text"><i lang="iu-Latn">Atgangmuurngniq</i></span></li></ul>

<p>However, each linguistic community has its own term for <a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-AllDeaf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllDeaf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a>: <span lang="iu">ᐆᒃᑐᕋᖅ</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Inuktitut" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Inuktitut">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Inuktitut-language romanization"><i lang="iu-Latn">Uukturaq</i></span></li>

<li><a href="Inuinnaqtun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuinnaqtun language">Inuinnaqtun</a>: <span lang="ikt">ᑎᑯᕋᖅ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Inuinnaqtun-language romanization"><i lang="ikt-Latn">Tikuraq</i></span></li>

<li><a href="Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a>: <span title="Inupiaq-language text"><i lang="ik">Ujjiqsuuraq</i></span></li>

<li><a href="I%C3%B1upiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iñupiat language">Iñupiatun</a>: <span title="Inuktitut-language text"><i lang="iu">Urraaraq</i></span></li>

<li><a href="Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Kalaallisut</a>: <span title="Greenlandic-language text"><i lang="kl">Ussersuut</i></span>, <span title="Greenlandic-language text"><i lang="kl">Ussersuataarneq</i></span></li></ul>

<p>However, <i>Ussersuut</i> may refer instead to Greenlandic dialect of <a href="Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish Sign Language</a> (also known as <i>Grønlandsk Tegnsprog</i>).

</p><p>Similarly, other related peoples also refer to "sign language" as:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Central_Alaskan_Yup%CA%BCik" title="Central Alaskan Yupʼik">Yugtun</a>: <span title="Central Yupik-language text"><i lang="esu">Unaatekun Qalarcaraq</i></span></li>

<li><a href="Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Sugt’stun</a>: <span title="Alutiiq-language text"><i lang="ems">Lliicaarciq</i></span></li>

<li><a href="Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Unangam Tunuu</a>: <span title="Aleut-language text"><i lang="ale">Chuguusal / Chaasal</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>At least since the 18th century, hearing Inuit used some form of sign language for trade and communication among various <a href="Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a>, a similar role to that played by <a href="Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a> further south. Inuit Sign Language's origins could be dated back to when the Inuit were living a nomadic lifestyle. They created the language to be more successful in hunting seasons. However, as more children were born deaf in the area, the language was revived and adapted to their needs. The earliest dated account of this language in use is Mallet (1930).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been IUR or at least its ancestor, as the region has a high incidence of congenital deafness. In the territory of <a href="Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, for example, the incidence of hereditary deafness is six times that of southern Canada. The deaf are well integrated in the community, and there are perhaps two hearing people proficient in IUR for every deaf speaker, as in other communities with high rates of congenital deafness such as <a href="Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard</a>. However, IUR is not (or no longer) used as a contact language among the hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its users are the deaf and those hearing people they regularly communicate with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The history of the language is not well known, with stories passed down from elders noting the use of IUR, or related languages/dialects therein, for generations where the language(s) would be used by both hearing and <a href="Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">deaf</a> Inuit, especially out on the tundra. However, due to the sparseness of communities and the relative youth of the field of research, there is little understanding of who uses the language where. That being said, IUR has been shown to be passed down in some families through generations, regardless of deafness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, deafness within Inuit society holds less stigma than it does within its southern neighbours which leads to a wider acceptance and adoption of IUR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2012_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2></div>

<p>Inuit Sign Language is a threatened language. A decline in use is in progress due to a variety of reasons, chief of which is the encroachment of ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As there exists no formal educational opportunities using IUR, parents are increasingly opting to send their children south to schools where ASL is the primary language of instruction or English–ASL interpreted curriculum; <a href="Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a> (LSQ) and/or French education appears to not hold precedence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, there is no formal alphabet for IUR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend is seen in the fact that an estimated third of the population (47 in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000</span>) use IUR as their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown the status of the language, though, outside of select communities within Nunavut.

</p><p>Efforts to protect and document the language are underway. Increasingly, there is support from within and outside the linguistic community to expand local programmes and to document IUR,<sup id="cite_ref-Right_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Right-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially after R. v. Suwarak, 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which saw an Inuk man put to trial where no interpreter was able to be provided as none existed. Through the Nunavut Department of Culture, Language, Elders and Youth (CLEY) and the Department of Justice, Dr Jamie MacDougall is spearheading a project with community members to document and revitalize the language.<sup id="cite_ref-InuDoc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InuDoc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Officially, Inuit Sign Language is offered no rights or protections beyond what is found in the <a href="Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning no province or territory has established it as an official language. However, alongside ASL, interpreters have used IUR at Nunavut's legislative assembly since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-NLA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div>

<p>As academic research into IUR is a new field, there is limited information related to its varieties. However, it is known that there is dialectal variation of the language across at least Nunavut, as to be expected from separated linguistic communities. It is reported that a sign language of <a href="Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> is closely related to IUR with ASL and <a href="Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish Sign Language</a> loans, but it is yet to be determined whether that is valid as Greenlandic Sign Language may be a variety or related to Danish Sign Language itself.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Beyond dialectal variation, there is little known of the range of the language or whether not there are multiple languages that exist. It is said that Inuit have spoken IUR, or at least a variation therein, for generations across much of their territories, however no current research confirms those rumours. As such, IUR is unattested to the west of Nunavut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div>

<p>33 different <a href="Handshape" title="Handshape">handshapes</a> have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="gallerytext">The index finger was used</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Selecting the index finger and thumb, opening or closing the non-selected fingers</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">All fingers are closed and possibly only the thumb is selected</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Selected with the index and middle fingers</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Selecting and bending each finger</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div>

<p>As of 2015, there have been few linguistic studies on Inuit Sign Language, notably done by Schuit (2012) wherein they looked primarily at verb agreement and classifier use. Schuit makes note that at this early stage of research, they cannot say the absolute word order of the language; they plan to pursue further studies in negation and morphological typology later. So far, there have been 33 recognized phonetic hand shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, preliminary findings dictate that Inuit Sign Language does not exhibit a large amount of non-manual simultaneity, but that manual simultaneity certainly exists. As well, there exists limited verb agreement within the language, but all types of verbs found in sign languages (plain, agreement and spatial) can be found in Inuit Sign Language. One type of sign is a monomorphemic sign-usually consisting of one significant point of articulation and one or other movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Inuit Sign Language appears to be not a subject-drop language but, rather, one that leaves the subject unspecified, which aligns similarly with Inuit culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3></div>

<p>There are four types of methods for expressing the plural in noun morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>First, sign language near the body (body-anchored sign) has the same expression of plural and singular. It is possible to grasp the meaning in the context. However, arctic char, a type of fish, allows repetition as one exception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Second, the complex sign that occurs in the neutral signing zone uses circular, alternating, and repetition to express the plural.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Third, the simple sign that occurs in the neutral signaling zone is divided into two-handed sign language on the medial sagittal plane and one-handed sign language on the side. Two-handed sign language is also divided into a balanced sign and an unbalanced sign. The balanced sign has the same position, shape, and movement of both hands. An unbalanced sign is when the movement of one hand is more dominant. The balanced sign uses zero plural markings, making it singular, and the plural has the same form, so the unbalanced sign is allowed to repeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Fourth, it is known that one-handed sign language uses repetition, but further studies are needed.

</p><p>Personal names are communicated by signing the first letter of the written name while mouthing the name as well. The alphabet used to sign letters is derived from ASL.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_agreement">Verb agreement</h3></div>

<p>IUR exhibits a three-way distinction between plain, agreement and spatial verbs. In plain verbs, one sees no reference to an object or subject, such as the following example:

</p>

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</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">OTTAWA</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INDEX-LOC<sub>Ottawa</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">CALL–ON–PHONE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">LONG–AGO.</p></div><p style="display: none;">OTTAWA INDEX-LOC<sub>Ottawa</sub> CALL–ON–PHONE LONG–AGO.</p><p style="clear: left;">'Long ago, I phoned Ottawa.' (referring to a shop in Ottawa)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201120_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201120-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p>Although appearing to reference Ottawa, the verb, <small>CALL–ON–PHONE</small>, makes no movement nor orientation to suggest it agrees with the object. However, agreement can take the shape of varying executions in different spaces, such as with:

</p>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">USE–ICE–AUGER<sub>1</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INDEX<sub>3a</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">USE–ICE–AUGER<sub>3a</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INDEX<sub>3a</sub></p></div><p style="display: none;">USE–ICE–AUGER<sub>1</sub> INDEX<sub>3a</sub> USE–ICE–AUGER<sub>3a</sub> INDEX<sub>3a</sub></p><p style="clear: left;">'I use an <a href="Ice_auger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice auger">ice auger</a>, and so does he.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p>Here, the verb's location and movement shifts to agree with the subject of either clause. Additionally, agreement can be seen on transitive verbs such as the following where the verb <small>SEE</small> interacts only with its object. Verbs agreeing with both subject and object are rare.

</p>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INDEX<sub>1</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">COMMUNICATE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INDEX<sub>3a</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">SEE<sub>3b</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INDEX<sub>3b</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">PAY–ATTENTION</p></div><p style="display: none;">INDEX<sub>1</sub> COMMUNICATE INDEX<sub>3a</sub> SEE<sub>3b</sub> INDEX<sub>3b</sub> PAY–ATTENTION</p><p style="clear: left;">'I tell him to watch this (the fishing), to pay attention.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p>Finally, IUR also uses spatial verbs with certain locative agreements. Some verbs set up a specific signing space in front of the signer whereas others use the index finger to locate absolutely a geographical point (also seen in the first example with <small>OTTAWA</small>) as seen in the following two examples:

</p>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INDEX–LOC<sub>3a</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">SCOOP</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">DRILL–HOLE–WITH–AUGER</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">FINISH.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;"><sub>3a</sub>WALK<sub>1</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">TAKE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">LONG–ITEM</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;"><sub>1</sub>WALK<sub>3a</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">WHITE–MAN</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">CHISEL<sub>V</sub>.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">DROP</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">LONG–THIN–OBJECT</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">MOVES–BELOW–SURFACE</p></div><p style="display: none;">INDEX–LOC<sub>3a</sub> SCOOP DRILL–HOLE–WITH–AUGER FINISH. <sub>3a</sub>WALK<sub>1</sub> TAKE LONG–ITEM <sub>1</sub>WALK<sub>3a</sub> WHITE–MAN CHISEL<sub>V</sub>. DROP LONG–THIN–OBJECT MOVES–BELOW–SURFACE</p><p style="clear: left;">'Over there they started a hole with a scoop, and then drilled it with an ice-auger. Someone walked from there towards me and took my chisel. The white man walked back (to the hole) and used the chisel. Then he dropped it, and it went all the way to the bottom (of the sea).'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">NEXT–DAY</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">NEXT–DAY</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;"><sub>3a</sub>PLANE–FLY<sub>3b</sub>.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">WINNIPEG</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INDEX–LOC<sub>Winnipeg</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;"><sub>W'peg</sub>PLANE–FLY–WITH–STOPS<sub>1</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">HERE</p></div><p style="display: none;">NEXT–DAY NEXT–DAY <sub>3a</sub>PLANE–FLY<sub>3b</sub>. WINNIPEG INDEX–LOC<sub>Winnipeg</sub> <sub>W'peg</sub>PLANE–FLY–WITH–STOPS<sub>1</sub> HERE</p><p style="clear: left;">'In two days, they take a plane that flies them to Winnipeg, followed by the plane from Winnipeg, that flies with some stops to here (Rankin Inlet).'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201122_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201122-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p>Spatial localization, however, is not obligatory, as seen here:

</p>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">WHITE–MAN</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INUK</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">INDEX<sub>1</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">MOVE–CL<sub>two-vehicles</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">SNOW–MOBILE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">GO<sub>3a</sub></p></div><p style="display: none;">WHITE–MAN INUK INDEX<sub>1</sub> MOVE–CL<sub>two-vehicles</sub> SNOW–MOBILE GO<sub>3a</sub></p><p style="clear: left;">'A white man and me, an Inuk, go by snow mobile (to Landing Lake).'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201122_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201122-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p>Here, the location remains unspecified even though it was known.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geolocative">Geolocative</h3></div>

<p>One unique feature of IUR is its absolute referents when referencing geographic locations. As in most other sign languages, signers will make a signing location in front of their body to indicate notions like 'here' or referencing a person abstractly. However, for geographic points, IUR references those locations absolutely using the index finger in the case of INDEX–LOC or other handshapes as is the case for <sub>Winnipeg</sub>PLANE–FLY–WITH–STOPS<sub>1</sub>. The actual locations vary from local, nearby villages or cities to cities such as Winnipeg that are thousands of kilometres away. However far the referent is, the signer will invariably point or indicate the direction in which it is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classifiers">Classifiers</h3></div>

<p>IUR has both handling and entity <a href="Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifiers</a> as in many other sign languages. Its handling classifiers appear on transitive verbs and mark the direct object, such as PICK–UP:CL<sub>egg</sub> ('pick up an egg') or MOVE<sub>up</sub>:CL<sub>box</sub> ('move a box'). Entity classifiers have so far been identified in the semantic class of vehicles, animals, two-legged beings and flying birds, such as in:

</p>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">TWO</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">THREE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">THREE-WEEKS</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">WARM</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">MOVE<sub>3a</sub>:CL<sub>birds</sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">GOOSE</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="iks" style="margin: 0px;">SHOOT++<sub>3a</sub></p></div><p style="display: none;">TWO THREE THREE-WEEKS WARM MOVE<sub>3a</sub>:CL<sub>birds</sub> GOOSE SHOOT++<sub>3a</sub></p><p style="clear: left;">'In two or three weeks, when it’s warmer, the geese will come flying in,

and I'll shoot them (out of the air).'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201123_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201123-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p>Handling classifiers are used more frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Schuit (2012). MacDougall (2000) reports that hearing people have been observed using it for inter-dialectical communication, noting that "this is not unusual for nomadic hunters and others living in isolated places". However, it is not clear if he is referring to historical or contemporary accounts.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFEskemoBranchee2008" class="citation web cs1">EskemoBranchee (4 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alldeaf.com/community/threads/deaf-hard-of-hearing-sign-language-or-gesture-in-various-languages.55287/#post-1053497">"Deaf/Hard of Hearing/Sign Language or Gesture in various languages"</a>. <i>All Deaf</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-e18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/iks/">Inuit Sign Language (IUR)<br>ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ<br>Inuit Uukturausingit</a> at <i><a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NLA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NLA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLA_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/inuit-sign-language-makes-debut-in-nunavut-legislature-1.772092">"Inuit sign language makes debut in Nunavut legislature"</a>. CBC. 17 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2012_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2012_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2012_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuit2012">Schuit (2012)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2001_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDougall2001">MacDougall (2001)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDougall2000_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDougall2000">MacDougall (2000)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-InuDoc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InuDoc_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InuDoc_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBird2008" class="citation news cs1">Bird, John (26 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/Like_Inuktitut_this_language_also_carries_Inuit_culture/">"Like Inuktitut, this language also carries Inuit culture"</a>. <i><a href="Nunatsiaq_News" title="Nunatsiaq News">Nunatsiaq News</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Right-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Right_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Right_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2013" class="citation news cs1">Dawson, Samantha (25 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674recognition_of_inuit_sign_language_should_be_deemed_a_right_expert_say/">"Inuit Sign Language should be recognized as a right, expert says"</a>. <i><a href="Nunatsiaq_News" title="Nunatsiaq News">Nunatsiaq News</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2015_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuit2015">Schuit (2015)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMinogue2009" class="citation news cs1">Minogue, Sara (22 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921083340/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/crown-stays-sex-charge-against-deaf-man/article668304/">"Crown stays sex charge against deaf man"</a>. <i><a href="The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/crown-stays-sex-charge-against-deaf-man/article668304/">the original</a> on Sep 21, 2021.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brentari (2010) ed. <i>Sign Languages</i>, p. 82</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuitBakerPfau2011">Schuit, Baker & Pfau (2011)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuit2014-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuit2014_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuit2014">Schuit (2014)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201120-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201120_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuitBakerPfau2011">Schuit, Baker & Pfau (2011)</a>, p. 20.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201121_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuitBakerPfau2011">Schuit, Baker & Pfau (2011)</a>, p. 21.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201122-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201122_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201122_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuitBakerPfau2011">Schuit, Baker & Pfau (2011)</a>, p. 22.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201123-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau201123_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuitBakerPfau2011">Schuit, Baker & Pfau (2011)</a>, p. 23.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

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.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall2000" class="citation journal cs1">MacDougall, Jamie (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/aj-ja/rr00_17/index.html">"Access to justice for deaf persons in Nunavut: Focus on signed languages"</a>. <i>Department of Justice, Canada</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226195400/https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/aj-ja/rr00_17/rr00_17.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on Feb 26, 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall2001" class="citation journal cs1">MacDougall, Jamie (February 2001). "Access to justice for deaf Inuit in Nunavut: The role of 'Inuit sign language'". <i>Canadian Psychology</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>73. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0086880">10.1037/h0086880</a>.</cite> (a summary may be more readily available in Coon (2009) <i>Psychology: A Journey</i>)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchuitBakerPfau2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schuit, Joke; Baker, Anne; Pfau, Roland (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1423302/91960_Schuit_Baker_Pfau_2011_LiA4.pdf">"Inuit Sign Language: a contribution to sign language typology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Linguistics in Amsterdam</i>. <b>4</b> (1). <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11245%2F1.343335">11245/1.343335</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchuit2012" class="citation book cs1">Schuit, Joke (2012). "Signing in the arctic: External influences on Inuit Sign Language". In <a href="Ulrike_Zeshan" title="Ulrike Zeshan">Zeshan, Ulrike</a>; de Vos, Connie (eds.). <i>Sign languages in village communities</i>. Berlin & Nijmegen: De Gruyter Mouton & Ishara Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>208. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614511496.181">10.1515/9781614511496.181</a></span>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61451-203-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchuit2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Schuit, Joke (2014). <i>Signs of the arctic: Typological aspects of Inuit Sign Language</i> (PhD thesis). Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11245%2F1.404611">11245/1.404611</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchuit2015" class="citation book cs1">Schuit, Joke (2015). "Inuit Sign Language". In Jepsen, Julie Bakken; De Clerck, Goedele; Lutalo-Kiingi, Sam; McGregor, William B. (eds.). <i>Sign Languages of the World</i>. DeGruyter Mouton/ Ishara Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">431–</span>448. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614518174-023">10.1515/9781614518174-023</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61451-796-2</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

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</style><div id="Languages_of_the_United_States326" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Languages in <i>italics</i> are extinct.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="American_English" title="American English">English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dialects_of_American_English32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of <a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

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<li><a href="Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li>

<li><a href="General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a></li>

<li><a href="Good_American_Speech" title="Good American Speech">Good American Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider English</a></li>

<li><a href="Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a></li>

<li><a href="Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami English</a></li>

<li><a href="Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine English</a></li>

<li><a href="Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a></li>

<li><a href="New_England_English" title="New England English">New England Englishes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="New_Mexican_English" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican English">New Mexican Englishes</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeastern_elite_accent" title="Northeastern elite accent">Northeastern elite accent</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a></li>

<li><a href="North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a></li>

<li><a href="English_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican Englishes</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>

<ul><li><a href="Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a></li>

<li><a href="Yooper_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Yooper English">Upper Michigan English</a></li>

<li><a href="Utah_Mormon_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Mormon English">Utah Mormon English</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania English</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshiva English</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br>languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Families14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li>

<li><a href="Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li>

<li><a href="Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li>

<li><a href="Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li>

<li><a href="Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li>

<li><a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li>

<li><a href="Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li>

<li><a href="Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mahican_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican language">Mahican</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan-Pequot</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Pamlico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Refaluwasch</a></li>

<li><a href="Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kitsai_language" title="Kitsai language">Kitsai</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Kathlamet_language" title="Kathlamet language">Kathlamet</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lower_Chinook" title="Lower Chinook"> Tsinúk</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené(–<br>Yeniseian?)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li>

<li><a href="Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li>

<li><a href="Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a></li>

<li><a href="Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li>

<li><a href="Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li>

<li><a href="Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Tututni</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inuit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit language">Inuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiat</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li>

<li><a href="Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Alaskan_Yup'ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik</a></li>

<li><a href="Chevak_Cup%E2%80%99ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevak Cup’ik language">Chevak Cup’ik</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li>

<li><a href="Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li>

<li><a href="Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li></ul>

<li><i><a href="Neutral_Huron_language" title="Neutral Huron language">Neutral Huron</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nottoway_language" title="Nottoway language">Nottoway</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Wenrohronon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenrohronon language">Wenrohronon</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Central_Kalapuya_language" title="Central Kalapuya language">Central Kalapuya</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Northern_Kalapuya_language" title="Northern Kalapuya language">Northern Kalapuya</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yoncalla_language" title="Yoncalla language">Yoncalla</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Keresan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan language">Keresan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Cochiti Pueblo</li>

<li>San Felipe–Santo Domingo</li>

<li>Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos</li>

<li>Western Keres</li>

<li>Acoma Pueblo</li>

<li>Laguna Pueblo</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li>

<li><a href="Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Houma_language" title="Houma language">Houma</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achumawi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></li>

<li><a href="Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coeur_d'Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d'Alene</a></li>

<li><a href="Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a></li>

<li><a href="Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li>

<li><a href="Salish-Spokane-Kalispel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language">Salish</a></li>

<li><a href="Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li>

<li><a href="Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidatsa_language" title="Hidatsa language">Hidatsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a></li>

<li><a href="Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Omaha–Ponca</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li>

<li><a href="Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Winnebago</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Biloxi_language" title="Biloxi language">Biloxi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Catawba_language" title="Catawba language">Catawba</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mandan_language" title="Mandan language">Mandan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mitchigamea_language" title="Mitchigamea language">Mitchigamea</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Moneton_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moneton language">Moneton</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tutelo_language" title="Tutelo language">Tutelo-Saponi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Woccon_language" title="Woccon language">Woccon</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jemez_language" title="Jemez language">Jemez</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a></li>

<li><a href="Picuris_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris dialect">Picuris</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Southern Tiwa</a></li>

<ul><li><i><a href="Piro_Pueblo_language" title="Piro Pueblo language">Piro Pueblo</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Sierra_Miwok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sierra Miwok language">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ramaytush_language" title="Ramaytush language">Ramaytush</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tamyen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen language">Tamyen</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li>

<li><a href="Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li>

<li><a href="O'odham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O'odham language">O'odham</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Ute-Chemehuevi</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Ivilyuat</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Makah_language" title="Makah language">Makah</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Gashowu_Yokuts" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Palewyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palewyami language">Palewyami</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tule-Kaweah_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule-Kaweah Yokuts">Tule-Kaweah Yokuts</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–<br>Cochimí</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li>

<li><a href="Havasupai%E2%80%93Hualapai_language" title="Havasupai–Hualapai language">Havasupai–Hualapai</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li>

<li><a href="Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li>

<li><a href="Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li>

<li><a href="Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiipai_language" title="Tiipai language">Tiipai</a></li>

<li><a href="Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Halchidhoma_language" title="Halchidhoma language">Halchidhoma</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li>

<li><a href="Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li>

<li><a href="Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li>

<ul><li><i><a href="Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Taensa_language" title="Taensa language">Taensa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tawasa_language" title="Tawasa language">Tawasa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed or trade<br>Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li>

<li><a href="Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual Indigenous<br>languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li>

<li>Blackfoot Sign Language</li>

<li>Cheyenne Sign Language</li>

<li>Cree Sign Language</li>

<li>Navajo Sign Language</li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></i>

<ul><li>Ktunaxa Sign Language</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hawai'i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawai'i Sign Language</a>

<ul><li>Creole Hawai'i Sign Language</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo</a></li>

<li><a href="Navajo_Family_Sign" title="Navajo Family Sign">Navajo Family Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Orocovis_Sign_Language" title="Orocovis Sign Language">Orocovis Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oral settler<br>languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Metis_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis French">Métis</a></li>

<li><a href="Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li>

<li><a href="Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li>

<li><a href="New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite</a></li>

<li><a href="Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese</a></li>

<li><a href="Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a></li>

<li><a href="Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li>

<li><a href="Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a> and <a href="Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li>

<li><a href="Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li>

<li><a href="Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual settler<br>languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li>

<li><a href="Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Puerto Rican Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages<br>(number of speakers<br>in 2021 in millions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a> (41.3)</li>

<li><a href="Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese</a> (3.4)</li>

<li><a href="Tagalog_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog language in the United States">Tagalog</a> (1.7)</li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">Vietnamese</a> (1.5)</li>

<li><a href="Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</a> (1.4)</li>

<li><a href="French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a> (1.2)</li>

<li><a href="Korean_Americans#Languages" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> (1.1)</li>

<li><a href="Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</a> (1.0)</li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese language in the United States">Portuguese</a> (0.9)</li>

<li><a href="Haitian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian American">Haitian</a> (0.9)</li>

<li>Hindi (0.9)</li>

<li><a href="German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a> (0.9)</li>

<li><a href="Polish_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish language in the United States">Polish</a> (0.5)</li>

<li><a href="Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a> (0.5)</li>

<li><a href="Persian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in the United States">Persian</a> (0.5)</li>

<li><a href="Telugu_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu language in the United States">Telugu</a> (0.5)</li>

<li><a href="Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a> (0.5)</li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a> (0.4)</li>

<li><a href="Bengali_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali American">Bengali</a> (0.4)</li>

<li><a href="Tamil_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil American">Tamil</a> (0.3)</li>

<li><a href="Punjabi_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi American">Punjabi</a> (0.3)</li>

<li>Serbo-Croatian (0.3)</li>

<li><a href="Armenian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian language in the United States">Armenian</a> (0.3)</li>

<li><a href="Greek_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language in the United States">Greek</a> (0.3)</li>

<li><a href="Hmong_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong language in the United States">Hmong</a> (0.2)</li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Hebrew</a> (0.2)</li>

<li><a href="Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Khmer</a> (0.2)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada269" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages_of_Canada269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_Canadians#Language" title="Black Canadians">Black</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_English#African_Nova_Scotian_English" title="African-American English">Afro-Nova Scotian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Cascadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Maritime</a></li>

<li><a href="Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottawa_Valley_Twang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa Valley Twang">Ottawa Valley</a></li>

<li><a href="Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Québec</a></li>

<li><a href="Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Toronto</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaouin">Chaouin</a></li>

<li><a href="Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li>

<li><a href="Magoua_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Magoua dialect">Magoua</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li>

<li><a href="Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li>

<li><a href="Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Ontarois</a></li>

<li><a href="Qu%C3%A9bec_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec French">Québec</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li>

<li><a href="Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li>

<li><a href="Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li>

<li><a href="Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li>

<li><a href="Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li>

<li><a href="Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li>

<li><a href="Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li>

<li><a href="Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li>

<li><a href="Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li>

<li><a href="Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li>

<li><a href="Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li>

<li><a href="Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li>

<li><a href="Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li>

<li><a href="Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">Shíshálh</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li>

<li><a href="Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li>

<li><a href="Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li>

<li><a href="Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li>

<li><a href="Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsan</a></li>

<li><a href="Nisga'a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisga'a</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Southern Tsimshian dialect">Southern</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li>

<li><a href="Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li>

<li><a href="Heiltsuk%E2%80%93Oowekyala_language" title="Heiltsuk–Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li>

<li><a href="Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li>

<li><a href="Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li>

<li><a href="Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li>

<li><a href="Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li>

<li><a href="Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li>

<li><a href="Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania</a></li>

<li><a href="Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite</a></li>

<li><a href="Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li>Coast Salish Sign Language</li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li>

<li>Sawmill Sign Language</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Alaska241" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages_of_Alaska241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alaska_Native_languages" title="Alaska Native languages">Languages of Alaska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alaska_Native_languages" title="Alaska Native languages">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li>

<li><a href="Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Alaskan_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yupik language">Central Yupik</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a></li>

<li><a href="Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Inupiaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li>

<li><a href="Dena%CA%BCina_language" title="Denaʼina language">Denaʼina</a></li>

<li><a href="Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li>

<li><a href="Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li>

<li><a href="Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li>

<li><a href="Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li>

<li><a href="Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li>

<li><a href="Coast_Tsimshian" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_English" title="American English">English</a></li>

<li>Spanish</li>

<li>Tagalog</li>

<li>Russian

<ul><li><a href="Ninilchik_Russian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninilchik Russian dialect">Ninilchik dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Quebec167" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages_of_Quebec167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Quebec">Languages of Quebec</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mi'kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Míkmaq</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin <br> (ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Wôbanakiôdwawôgan</a></li>

<li><a href="Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Anicinâbemowin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Cree" title="East Cree">Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn</a></li>

<li><a href="Naskapi" title="Naskapi">iyuw iyimuun (ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Innu_language" title="Innu language">Innu-aimun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Nunavimmiutitut (ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li>

<li>Pro-Tactile American Sign Language</li>

<li><a href="Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li>

<li>Cree Sign Language</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Yukon194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages_of_Yukon194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Language_demographics_of_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Language demographics of Yukon">Languages of Yukon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené(–Yeniseian?)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Dene Zágéʼ</a></li>

<li><a href="Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich'in</a></li>

<li><a href="H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Häł gołan</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Neeʼaandeegnʼ</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Nunavut181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages_of_Nunavut181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages of <a href="Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li>

<li>Inuit Language

<ul><li><a href="Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dënesųłiné (ᑌᓀᓱᒼᕄᓀ)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="North_Baffin_dialect" title="North Baffin dialect">Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Aivilik_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aivilik dialect">Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut</a></li>

<li><a href="Kangiryuarmiutun" title="Kangiryuarmiutun">Kangiryuarmiutun</a></li>

<li><a href="Kivalliq_dialect" title="Kivalliq dialect">Kivallirmiutut</a></li>

<li><a href="Netsilik_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Netsilik dialect">Nattiliŋmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦᑐᑦ)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Utkuhiksalik" title="Utkuhiksalik">Utkuhiksalingmiutitut (ᐅᑦᑯhᐃᒃᓴᓕᖕᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut<br>(ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="North_Baffin_dialect" title="North Baffin dialect">Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani</a></li>

<li><a href="Aivilik_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aivilik dialect">Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut</a></li>

<li><a href="Kivalliq_dialect" title="Kivalliq dialect">Kivallirmiutut</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuttitut" title="Inuttitut">Nunatsiavummiutut / NunatuKavummiutut</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inuit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settler-colonial<br>languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Denmark139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages_of_Denmark139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_Denmark" title="Languages of Denmark">Languages of Denmark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> (national)</li>

<li><a href="Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a></li>

<li><a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<a href="Minority_languages_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Denmark">minority</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Denmark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bornholmsk_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornholmsk dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a></li>

<li><a href="Scandoromani_language" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroe Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tunumiit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunumiit language">Tunumiit</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuktun" title="Inuktun">Inuktun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish Sign</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See Also:</b> <a href="Languages_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Languages of the Faroe Islands">Languages of the Faroe Islands</a> and <a href="Languages_of_Greenland" title="Languages of Greenland">Languages of Greenland</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sign_language1559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_language1559" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sign_languages_by_number_of_native_signers" title="List of sign languages by number of native signers">List by number of signers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language<br>families<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_family973" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian<br> Aboriginal</a><br> (<small>multiple families</small>)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Djingili_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djingili Sign Language">Djingili</a></li>

<li><a href="Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Eltye eltyarrenke</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Iltyeme iltyeme</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Miriwoong_Sign_Language" title="Miriwoong Sign Language">Miriwoong</a></li>

<li><a href="Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudburra</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Rdaka rdaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a>

<ul><li><a href="Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warramunga</a></li>

<li><a href="Worora_Kinship_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Worora Kinship Sign Language">Worora Kinship</a></li>

<li>Yan-nhaŋu</li>

<li><a href="Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></li>

<li><a href="Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kartutjarra_language#Sign_language" title="Kartutjarra language">Kartutjarra</a></li>

<li><a href="Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></li>

<li><a href="Ngaatjatjarra_dialect#Sign_language" title="Ngaatjatjarra dialect">Ngaatjatjarra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendath Kesign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Meriam</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab (Ishaaric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Egyptian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuwaiti_Sign_Language" title="Kuwaiti Sign Language">Kuwaiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Libyan_Sign_Language" title="Libyan Sign Language">Libyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Qatari_Unified_Sign_Language" title="Qatari Unified Sign Language">Qatari Unified</a></li>

<li><a href="Yemeni_Sign_Language" title="Yemeni Sign Language">Yemeni</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraqi–<br> Levantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Jordanian</li>

<li>Lebanese</li>

<li>Palestinian</li>

<li>Syrian</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Emirati_Sign_Language" title="Emirati Sign Language">Emirati</a></li>

<li><a href="Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></li>

<li><a href="Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese (CSL/ZGS)</a>

<ul><li>Shanghai

<ul><li>Macau</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chilean-Paraguayan-<br> Uruguayan Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean (LSCh)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Paraguay-Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay-Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguayan-<br> Uruguayan Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paraguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay Sign Language">Paraguay (LSPY)</a></li>

<li><a href="Uruguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Sign Language">Uruguay (LSU)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian (LSA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German (DSGS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish (ISL)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan (LSC)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian (LSV)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian (LSR)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">American<br> (ASLic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL (BASL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Bolivian</li>

<li><a href="Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese</a>

<ul><li>Yangon</li>

<li>Mandalay</li></ul></li>

<li>Cambodian</li>

<li>Costa Rican</li>

<li>Dominican</li>

<li><a href="Guyanese_Sign_Language" title="Guyanese Sign Language">Guyanese</a></li>

<li>Jamaican</li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian (BIM)</a></li>

<li>Panamanian</li>

<li><a href="Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino (FSL)</a></li>

<li>Puerto Rican (PRSL)</li>

<li><a href="Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore (SgSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian (Nusantaric)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian (Bisindo)</a>

<ul><li>Jakarta</li>

<li>Yogyakarta</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francophone African<br>(Françafrosign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Ethiopian</li>

<li>Chadian</li>

<li>Ghanaian</li>

<li>Guinean</li>

<li><a href="Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></li>

<li>Moroccan</li>

<li>Nigerian</li>

<li>Sierra Leonean</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida (OSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="Hawai%CA%BBi_Sign_Language" title="Hawaiʻi Sign Language">Hoailona ʻŌlelo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec (LSQ)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austro-<br> Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech (ČZJ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian (Magyar Jelnyev)</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian (ÖGS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Sign_Language" title="Slovak Sign Language">Slovak (SPJ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian (УЖМ/USL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani (AİD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian (БЖЕ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian (LSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian (РЖЯ)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yugoslavic Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian (HZJ)</a></li>

<li>Kosovar</li>

<li>Serbian</li>

<li>Slovenian</li>

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (YSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch (NGT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambian_Sign_Language" title="Gambian Sign Language">Gambian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian (LIS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian (TSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican (LSM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Honduran_Sign_Language" title="Honduran Sign Language">Honduran (LESHO)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish (VGT)</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian (LSFB)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish (Tegnic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic (Táknmál)</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian (Tegnspråk)</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish (Tegnsprog)</a></li>

<li>Faroese (Teknmál)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Viet-Thai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi</a></li>

<li><a href="Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai (TSL/MSTSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Great Basin</li>

<li>Northeast</li>

<li>Plains Sign Talk</li>

<li><i>Southeast</i></li>

<li>Southwest</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida (OSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>A'aninin</li>

<li>Kalispel</li>

<li>Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)</li>

<li>Nesilextcl'n</li>

<li>Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)</li>

<li>Sqeliz</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani<br> Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Bangalore-Madras</li>

<li>Beluchistan</li>

<li><a href="Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></li>

<li>Bombay</li>

<li>Calcutta</li>

<li>Delhi</li>

<li><a href="Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali</a></li>

<li>North West Frontier Province</li>

<li>Punjab-Sindh</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li>

<li><i>Chilmark</i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Maya (Meemul Tziij /<br>Meemul Ch'aab'al)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Highland Maya</li>

<li>Yucatec

<ul><li>Chicán</li>

<li>Nohkop</li>

<li>Nohya</li>

<li>Trascorral</li>

<li>Cepeda Peraza</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NW Eurosign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BANZSL53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British (BSL)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland (NISL)</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Fijian</li>

<li><a href="Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African (SASL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eritrean_Sign_Language" title="Eritrean Sign Language">Eritrean (EriSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese (LGP)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Verdian_Sign_Language" title="Cape Verdian Sign Language">Cape Verdian (LGC)</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Sign_Language" title="São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language">São Tomé and Príncipean (LGSTP)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish (Teckenspråk)</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish (Viittomakieli)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German (DGS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish (PJM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli (Shassi)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></li>

<li><a href="Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian (NSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–<br> Cayman Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island (Provisle)</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman (Guyanese)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian (AlbSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></li>

<li><a href="Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Caucasian (Harsneren)</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Bay_Islands_Sign_Language" title="Bay Islands Sign Language">Bay Islands</a></li>

<li>Belizean</li>

<li><a href="Berbey_Sign_Language" title="Berbey Sign Language">Berbey</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bouakako_Sign_Language" title="Bouakako Sign Language">Bouakako (LaSiBo)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></li>

<li><a href="Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></li>

<li><a href="Carhuahuaran_Sign_Language" title="Carhuahuaran Sign Language">Carhuahuaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus (CTSL/OTİD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiriqui_Sign_Language" title="Chiriqui Sign Language">Chiriqui</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban (LSC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogon_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon Sign Language">Dogon/Douentza</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian (LSEC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia (AJSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan (Lensegua)</a></li>

<li><a href="Guinea-Bissau_Sign_Language" title="Guinea-Bissau Sign Language">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawai'i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)</a>

<ul><li>Creole HSL</li></ul></li>

<li>Inuit

<ul>

<li><a href="Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></li>

<li><a href="Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></li>

<li><a href="Kajana_Sign_Language" title="Kajana Sign Language">Kajana</a></li>

<li><a href="Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasim</a></li>

<li><a href="Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li>

<li><a href="Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan (KSL/LAK)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali (SSL)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)</a></li>

<li>Kisindo</li>

<li><a href="Jamaican_Country_Sign_Language" title="Jamaican Country Sign Language">Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Malawian_Sign_Language" title="Malawian Sign Language">Malawian</a></li>

<li><a href="Maltese_Sign_Language" title="Maltese Sign Language">Maltese (LSM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></li>

<li><a href="Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua</a></li>

<li><a href="Maunabudhuk%E2%80%93Bodhe_Sign_Language" title="Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language">Maunabudhuk–Bodhe</a></li>

<li><a href="Mauritian_Sign_Language" title="Mauritian Sign Language">Mauritian (MSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li>

<li><a href="Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Shuwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Burkina_Sign_Language" title="Burkina Sign Language">Burkina (Mossi)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican</a></li>

<li><a href="Navajo_Family_Sign" title="Navajo Family Sign">Navajo/Diné Family</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan (ISN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></li>

<li><a href="Orocovis_Sign_Language" title="Orocovis Sign Language">Orocovis (LSOR)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ottoman_Sign_Language" title="Ottoman Sign Language">Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian (Esharani)</a></li>

<li><a href="Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian (LSP)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Rennellese_Sign_Language" title="Rennellese Sign Language">Rennellese</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan (AKR/AMR)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran (LESSA)</a></li>

<li>Sawmill</li>

<li><a href="Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina (SSSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Rupununi_Sign_Language" title="South Rupununi Sign Language">South Rupununi</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish (LSE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></li>

<li><a href="Terena_Sign_Language" title="Terena Sign Language">Terena</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sign_Language" title="Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language">Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish (TİD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan (USL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></li>

<li>West African

<ul><li><a href="Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL/Mumu kasa)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura (Burasl)</a></li>

<li>Mofu-Gudur</li>

<li><a href="Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin (NanabinSL)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Yoruba_Sign_Language" title="Yoruba Sign Language">Yoruban (YSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian (ZSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Amami Shuwa languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_sign_languages" title="Ethiopian sign languages">Ethiopian languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese languages</a> (~150)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian languages</a> (7+)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">Zimsign languages</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">Village languages</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_region108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Algeria</dt>

<dd><a href="Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd>

<dt>Cameroon</dt>

<dd><a href="Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua</a></dd>

<dt>Cape Verde</dt>

<dd><a href="Cape_Verdian_Sign_Language" title="Cape Verdian Sign Language">Cape Verdian (LGC)</a></dd>

<dt>Ghana</dt>

<dd><a href="Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin</a></dd>

<dt>Ivory Coast</dt>

<dd><a href="Bouakako_Sign_Language" title="Bouakako Sign Language">Bouakako (LaSiBo)</a></dd>

<dt>Kenya</dt>

<dd><a href="Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan</a></dd>

<dt>Malawi</dt>

<dd><a href="Malawian_Sign_Language" title="Malawian Sign Language">Malawian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Berbey_Sign_Language" title="Berbey Sign Language">Berbey</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></dd>

<dt>Mozambique</dt>

<dd><a href="Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican</a></dd>

<dt>Nigeria</dt>

<dd><a href="Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (Magannar Hannu)</a></dd>

<dt>Rwanda</dt>

<dd><a href="Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan (Amarenga)</a></dd>

<dt>São Tomé and Príncipe</dt>

<dd><a href="S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Sign_Language" title="São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language">São Tomé and Príncipean (LGSTP)</a></dd>

<dt>Senegal</dt>

<dd><a href="Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">Mbour</a></dd>

<dt>Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti</dt>

<dd><a href="Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali</a></dd>

<dt>South Africa</dt>

<dd><a href="South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African</a></dd>

<dt>Tanzania</dt>

<dd><a href="Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a></dd>

<dt>Uganda</dt>

<dd><a href="Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan</a></dd>

<dt>Zambia</dt>

<dd><a href="Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Bengal</dt>

<dd><a href="Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd>

<dt>Cambodia</dt>

<dd><a href="Cambodian_Sign_Language" title="Cambodian Sign Language">Cambodian</a></dd>

<dt>China</dt>

<dd><a href="Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></dd>

<dt>India</dt>

<dd><a href="Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></dd>

<dt>Indonesia</dt>

<dd><a href="Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Iranian (Esharani)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish</a></dd>

<dt>Israel</dt>

<dd><a href="Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasem</a></dd>

<dt>Japan</dt>

<dd><a href="Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Koniya</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo</a></dd>

<dt>Korea</dt>

<dd><a href="Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean</a></dd>

<dt>Kazakhstan</dt>

<dd><a href="Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian</a></dd>

<dt>Malaysia</dt>

<dd><a href="Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor</a></dd>

<dt>Maldives</dt>

<dd><a href="Maldives_Sign_Language" title="Maldives Sign Language">Maldives</a></dd>

<dt>Mongolia</dt>

<dd><a href="Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></dd>

<dt>Nepal</dt>

<dd><a href="Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Maunabudhuk%E2%80%93Bodhe_Sign_Language" title="Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language">Maunabudhuk–Bodhe</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nepalese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Sign Language">Nepalese</a></dd>

<dt>Philippines</dt>

<dd><a href="Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino</a></dd>

<dt>Saudi Arabia</dt>

<dd><a href="Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></dd>

<dt>Singapore</dt>

<dd><a href="Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore</a></dd>

<dt>Sri Lanka</dt>

<dd><a href="Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan</a></dd>

<dt>Taiwan</dt>

<dd><a href="Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese</a></dd>

<dt>Tajikistan</dt>

<dd><a href="Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd>

<dt>Tibet</dt>

<dd><a href="Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></dd>

<dt>Thailand</dt>

<dd><a href="Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></dd>

<dt>Vietnam</dt>

<dd><a href="Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Armenia</dt>

<dd><a href="Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></dd>

<dt>Austria</dt>

<dd><a href="Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian</a></dd>

<dt>Azerbaijan</dt>

<dd><a href="Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani</a></dd>

<dt>Belgium</dt>

<dd><a href="Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish</a></dd>

<dd><a href="French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian</a></dd>

<dt>United Kingdom</dt>

<dd><a href="British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></dd>

<dt>Croatia</dt>

<dd><a href="Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian</a></dd>

<dt>Denmark</dt>

<dd><a href="Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish</a></dd>

<dd>Faroese (Teknmál)</dd>

<dt>Estonia</dt>

<dd><a href="Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian</a></dd>

<dt>Finland</dt>

<dd><a href="Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish</a></dd>

<dt>France</dt>

<dd><a href="Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons</a></dd>

<dt>Georgia</dt>

<dd><a href="Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></dd>

<dt>Germany</dt>

<dd><a href="German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German</a></dd>

<dt>Greece</dt>

<dd><a href="Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek</a></dd>

<dt>Hungary</dt>

<dd><a href="Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian</a></dd>

<dt>Iceland</dt>

<dd><a href="Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic</a></dd>

<dt>Ireland</dt>

<dd><a href="Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></dd>

<dt>Italy</dt>

<dd><a href="Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></dd>

<dt>Kosovo</dt>

<dd><a href="Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (Kosovar)</a></dd>

<dt>Latvia</dt>

<dd><a href="Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian</a></dd>

<dt>Lithuania</dt>

<dd><a href="Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></dd>

<dt>Moldova</dt>

<dd><a href="Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd>

<dt>Netherlands</dt>

<dd><a href="Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></dd>

<dt>North Macedonia</dt>

<dd><a href="Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></dd>

<dt>Northern Ireland</dt>

<dd><a href="Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland</a></dd>

<dt>Norway</dt>

<dd><a href="Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian</a></dd>

<dt>Poland</dt>

<dd><a href="Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish</a></dd>

<dt>Portugal</dt>

<dd><a href="Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese</a></dd>

<dt>Russia</dt>

<dd><a href="Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd>

<dt>Slovenia</dt>

<dd><a href="Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Slovenian</a></dd>

<dt>Spain</dt>

<dd><a href="Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian</a></dd>

<dt>Sweden</dt>

<dd><a href="Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish</a></dd>

<dt>Switzerland</dt>

<dd><a href="Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German</a></dd>

<dt>Turkey</dt>

<dd><a href="Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus (CTSL/OTİD)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish</a></dd>

<dt>Ukraine</dt>

<dd><a href="Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and<br>Central<br>America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Belize</dt>

<dd>Belizean</dd>

<dt>Canada</dt>

<dd><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Black_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ASL">Black ASL</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida (OSL)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language"><i>Plateau</i></a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></dd>

<dd>Sawmill</dd>

<dd><a href="Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec</a></dd>

<dt>Cayman</dt>

<dd><i><a href="Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman</a></i></dd>

<dt>Costa Rica</dt>

<dd><a href="Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></dd>

<dd><a href="New_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="New Costa Rican Sign Language">New Costa Rican</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban</a></dd>

<dt>Greenland</dt>

<dd><a href="Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></dd>

<dt>Guatemala</dt>

<dd><a href="Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd>

<dt>Haiti</dt>

<dd><a href="Haitian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Sign Language">Haitian</a></dd>

<dt>Honduras</dt>

<dd><a href="Bay_Islands_Sign_Language" title="Bay Islands Sign Language">Bay Islands</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Honduras_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduras Sign Language">Honduran</a></dd>

<dt>Mexico</dt>

<dd><a href="Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican</a></dd>

<dt>Nicaragua</dt>

<dd><a href="Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan</a></dd>

<dt>Panama</dt>

<dd><a href="Chiriqui_Sign_Language" title="Chiriqui Sign Language">Chiriqui</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Panamanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Sign Language">Panamanian</a></dd>

<dt>Puerto Rico (USA)</dt>

<dd><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Sign Language">Puerto Rican</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Orocovis_Sign_Language" title="Orocovis Sign Language">Orocovis</a></dd>

<dt>El Salvador</dt>

<dd><a href="Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran (LESSO)</a></dd>

<dd>Old Salvadoran</dd>

<dt>United States</dt>

<dd><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida (OSL)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language"><i>Plateau</i></a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language"><i>Henniker</i></a></dd>

<dd><a href="Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan (Keresign)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"><i>Martha's Vineyard</i></a></dd>

<dd>Navajo Family</dd>

<dd><a href="Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language"><i>Sandy River Valley</i></a></dd>

<dd>Sawmill</dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Australia</dt>

<dd><a href="Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Australian-Irish_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian-Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudbura (Mudburra)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ngada_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada Sign Language">Ngada</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warumungu (Warramunga)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></dd>

<dt>Hawaii (USA)</dt>

<dd><a href="Hawaiian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Sign Language">Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)</a></dd>

<dt>New Zealand</dt>

<dd><a href="New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></dd>

<dt>Papua New Guinea</dt>

<dd><a href="Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></dd>

<dt>Samoa and American Samoa</dt>

<dd><a href="Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Argentina</dt>

<dd><a href="Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></dd>

<dt>Bolivia</dt>

<dd><a href="Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian</a></dd>

<dt>Brazil</dt>

<dd><a href="Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="South_Rupununi_Sign_Language" title="South Rupununi Sign Language">South Rupununi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Terena_Sign_Language" title="Terena Sign Language">Terena</a></dd>

<dt>Chile</dt>

<dd><a href="Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean</a></dd>

<dt>Colombia</dt>

<dd><a href="Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Provisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisle">Provisle</a></dd>

<dt>Ecuador</dt>

<dd><a href="Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian</a></dd>

<dt>Guyana</dt>

<dd><a href="Guyanese_Sign_Language" title="Guyanese Sign Language">Guyanese</a></dd>

<dd><a href="South_Rupununi_Sign_Language" title="South Rupununi Sign Language">South Rupununi</a></dd>

<dt>Paraguay</dt>

<dd><a href="Paraguayan_Sign_Language" title="Paraguayan Sign Language">Paraguayan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Carhuahuaran_Sign_Language" title="Carhuahuaran Sign Language">Carhuahuaran</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></dd>

<dt>Suriname</dt>

<dd><a href="Kajana_Sign_Language" title="Kajana Sign Language">Kajana</a></dd>

<dt>Uruguay</dt>

<dd><a href="Uruguayan_Sign_Language" title="Uruguayan Sign Language">Uruguayan</a></dd>

<dt>Venezuela</dt>

<dd><a href="Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Makaton" title="Makaton">Makaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Signalong" title="Signalong">Signalong</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Idioms_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Idioms in American Sign Language">Idioms</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Profanity_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Profanity in American Sign Language">Profanity</a></li>

<li><a href="ASL_name_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="ASL name sign">Name signs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct<br> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Chilmark</li>

<li><a href="Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></li>

<li><a href="Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></li>

<li><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar (ASL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bimodal_bilingualism" title="Bimodal bilingualism">Bimodal bilingualism</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">Phonology (ASL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Handshape" title="Handshape">Handshape</a> / <a href="Location_(sign_language)" title="Location (sign language)">Location</a> / <a href="Orientation_(sign_language)" title="Orientation (sign language)">Orientation</a> / <a href="Movement_(sign_language)" title="Movement (sign language)">Movement</a> / <a href="Expression_(sign_language)" title="Expression (sign language)">Expression</a></li>

<li><a href="Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">Nonmanual feature</a></li>

<li><a href="Sign_name" title="Sign name">Sign names</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-handed_manual_alphabets" title="Two-handed manual alphabets">British (two-handed)</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_manual_alphabet" title="Catalan manual alphabet">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilean_manual_alphabet" title="Chilean manual alphabet">Chilean</a></li>

<li><a href="Esperanto_manual_alphabet" title="Esperanto manual alphabet">Esperanto</a></li>

<li><a href="French_manual_alphabet" title="French manual alphabet">French</a></li>

<li><a href="German_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="German manual alphabet">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_manual_alphabet" title="Hungarian manual alphabet">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_manual_alphabet" title="Irish manual alphabet">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_manual_syllabary" title="Japanese manual syllabary">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_manual_alphabet" title="Korean manual alphabet">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_manual_alphabet" title="Russian manual alphabet">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugoslav_manual_alphabet" title="Yugoslav manual alphabet">Serbo-Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_manual_alphabet" title="Spanish manual alphabet">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_manual_alphabet" title="Ukrainian manual alphabet">Ukrainian</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_manual_alphabet" title="Portuguese manual alphabet">Portuguese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamburg_Notation_System" title="Hamburg Notation System">Hamburg Notation System</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li>

<li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>

<li><a href="ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a> (<span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language<br> contact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Contact_sign" title="Contact sign">Contact sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Initialized_sign" title="Initialized sign">Initialized sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed Oral<br> Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a></li>

<li><a href="Manually_coded_English" title="Manually coded English">Manually coded English</a></li>

<li><a href="Manually_coded_language_in_South_Africa" title="Manually coded language in South Africa">Manually coded language in South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li>

<li><a href="Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman Sign System</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Dutch" title="Signed Dutch">Signed Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_French" title="Signed French">Signed French</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_German" title="Signed German">Signed German</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Italian" title="Signed Italian">Signed Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Polish">Signed Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Spanish" title="Signed Spanish">Signed Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Signing_Exact_English" title="Signing Exact English">Signing Exact English</a></li>

<li><a href="Tecknad_svenska" title="Tecknad svenska">Signed Swedish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education" title="Bilingual–bicultural education">Bilingual–bicultural education</a></li>

<li><a href="Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Manually coded language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sign-language_media" title="Sign-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Films (list)</li>

<li>Television shows (list)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jabbar_Baghtcheban" title="Jabbar Baghtcheban">Jabbar Baghtcheban</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeanette_Berglind" title="Jeanette Berglind">Jeanette Berglind</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Braidwood" title="Thomas Braidwood">Thomas Braidwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Fouts" title="Roger Fouts">Roger Fouts</a></li>

<li><a href="Valerie_Sutton" title="Valerie Sutton">Valerie Sutton</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li>

<li><a href="Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard" title="Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard">Abbé Sicard</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Pierre Pélissier">Pierre Pélissier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_of_Visual_Language_Interpreters_of_Canada" title="Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada">Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Center_on_Deafness_and_the_Arts" title="International Center on Deafness and the Arts">International Center on Deafness and the Arts</a></li>

<li><a href="Mimics_and_Gesture_Theatre" title="Mimics and Gesture Theatre">Mimics and Gesture Theatre</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Association_of_Sign_Language_Interpreters" title="World Association of Sign Language Interpreters">World Association of Sign Language Interpreters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">Baby sign language</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimpanzee_and_Human_Communication_Institute" title="Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute">CHCI chimpanzee center</a> (<a href="Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a>, <a href="Loulis" title="Loulis">Loulis</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Hand_signaling_(open_outcry)" title="Hand signaling (open outcry)">Open Outcry</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Army_hand_and_arm_signals" title="U.S. Army hand and arm signals">U.S. Army hand and arm signals </a></li>

<li><a href="Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li>

<li><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_a"><b><a href="#ref_note_a">^a</a></b></span> Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, <a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> and <a href="British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to <a href="French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a>.

<p><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_b"><b><a href="#ref_note_b">^b</a></b></span> Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.

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<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_c"><b><a href="#ref_note_c">^c</a></b></span> <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-31" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Inuit_Sign_Language&oldid=1293148011">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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